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A concept is "..a unit of thought or element of knowledge that allows us to organize experience," (Donald, 2001, p. 9)

Threshold Concepts

• The core concepts and capabilities which the students MUST have to successfully transition to both subsequent courses and future employment
• First defined by Meyer and Land (2003) as being:
  • Transformative (accessibility to the previously inaccessible - ways of thinking and functioning)
    • A mandatory feature of threshold concepts
  • Integrative (of previously perceived unrelated aspects)
    • Are constructed and reconstituted rather than revelatory
  • Troublesome (seemingly tacit, incoherent, counter-intuitive)
    • "Real learning requires stepping into the unknown, which initiates a rupture in knowing. The interval of difficulty that follows exposure to existentially unfamiliar, educationally critical material can be understood as a response to that rupture," (Schwartzman, 2010, p. 38).
    • Similar to Piaget's idea of adaptation (equilibration/disequilibration)
    • Intellectual uncertainty
  • Bounded (contextually and conceptually)
    
    • Tend to be discipline specific (systemized, logical taxonomy, methods of validation)
      Particular 'ways of knowing'
      
  • Once attained they are perhaps irreversible
• Considered critical for a student to progress, leading to previously inaccessible ways of thinking and constructing knowledge (processing information in new ways)
  • Are required to be able to progress to higher levels of functioning
• Are systems of ideas and ways of thinking that enable the construction of new knowledge (Perkins, 2006)

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Threshold concepts are your critical course goals (student capabilities/behaviors) that guide your course development and decision-making.

Teacher Role

• Design courses that:
  • Are not linear, but are recursive (repeated application and/or integration)
  • Are process and context oriented
  • Empower meta-cognition
  • Utilize strategies such as , , ,
  • Incorporate principles of Universal Design for Learning and Instruction
• Establish opportunities for small successes (progressions)
• Provide authentic experiences (via )
• Engage and stimulate the thinking processes and behaviors (Donald, 2001) of:
  • Description
  • Selection
  • Representation
  • Inference
  • Synthesis
  • Verification
• Provide collaborative learning opportunities to rigorously examine concepts, perspectives, processes, relationships, and paradigms

References and Resources

• Donald, J. (2001).ÌýLearning to think: Disciplinary perspectives. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
• Flanagan, M. (n.d.). . University College of London
• Felton, P. (June 20, 2013).Ìý. Center for Engaged Learning, Elon University
• Land, R., Meyer. J. & Baillie, C. (2010). Editors' preface. In R. Land, J. Meyer and C. Baillie,Ìý(Ed.s),ÌýThreshold concepts and transformational learning.Ìý(ix-xlii). Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense Publishers
• Land, R., Meyer. J. & Smith, J. (2008).. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers
• Meyer, J. and Land, R. (2003). . ETL Occasional Report 4, May. Enhancing TeachingÌýand Learning Environments in Undergraduate Courses. Edinburgh UK: Teaching and Learning Research Programme, University of Edinburgh
• Perkins, D. (2006). Constructivism and troublesome knowledge. In J. Meyer and R. Land, (Eds.).ÌýOvercoming barriers to student understanding: Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge.Ìý(33-47). London: Routledge
• Schwartzman, L. (2010).ÌýTranscending disciplinary boundaries: A proposed theoretical foundation for threshold concepts. In R. Land, J. Meyer, and C. Baillie, (Ed.s),ÌýThreshold concepts and transformational learning.Ìý(21-44). Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense Publishers